About
Stourbridge, the town and it's history
Stourbridge
is a difficult town to categorise, it is not a picture postcard tourist destination
in the conventional sense but it is right on the edge of glorious countryside. Stourbridge
is a "real" town, that has developed naturally over the centuries.
While parts of the town are industrial it also has very attractive suburbs,
some areas are very affluent, others not. In many ways Stourbridge is true
middle England and the people who live here are very loyal to the town. Stourbridge
has an extensive "old quarter", with well looked after houses, largely
victorian. Other favoured areas of Stourbridge tend to be to the South and
West of the town centre, Norton and Oldswinford, towards Hagley and villages
such as Churchill, Clent, Kinver and Belbroughton.
Photo © H. Jack Haden
A brief history of Stourbridge
From the book Stourbridge in Times Past by H. Jack Haden © 1980
Stourbridge - Sturbrug or Sturesbridge as it is spelt in the 1255 Worcestershire assize roll - evidently owes its name to an ancient bridge erected across the River Stour which, until recently, formed the boundary of the counties of Worcester and Stafford. The medieval township lay within the more extensive manor of Swynford (or Swinford) which, as the name indicates, was called after a ford - possibly situated near the present riverside estate called Stepping Stones. The settlement lay within what was the inferior manor of Bedcote, a name that survived into this century as that of one of the mills so important to the growth of the local community and is still retained as a street name. Swinford is mentioned in a Saxon charter of about 950 AD and, spelt Suineforde, is mentioned in William the Conqueror's Domesday Survey, when the manor was possessed by William Fitz Ansculf, one of the most powerful of the Norman lords, who was able to supervise his great estates in the West Midlands from his hilltop castle at Dudley. This William also held Pevemore (the present day Pedmore) lying to the south of Stourbridge, and Elmcote (now Amblecote), which is a parish on the northern bank of the Stour in Staffordshire until recent years yet within the diocese of Worcester. Until it was created a separate ecclesiastical parish in 1845, it formed part of the parish of Old Swinford - the word "Old" having been added centuries earlier to distinguish it from the adjacent parish of Kingswinford or Swinford Regis.
The manors of Old Swinford, Bedcote and Pedmore changed hands from time to time during the Middle Ages as a result of political upheavals and the changes of fortune of their overlords. It is questionable whether these great feudal lords ever visited these manors, the supervision of the peasant's customary service and the collection of dues and fines being left to their stewards. The Lytteltons, seated a few miles away at Frankley until their house there was destroyed during the Civil War causing them to move to Hagley, acquired the superior manor of Old Swinford in 1564 and they were the dominant local family until the 17th century when, having fallen from favour and lost much of their wealth through involvement in the Gunpowder Plot and the Royalist and Roman Catholic causes in Stuart times, they were superseded by the Foleys whose wealth was based on the rapidly expanding iron industry.
From their forges and mills powered by water wheels on the River Stour and other rivers and streams members of the Foley family built up substantial fortunes which were supplemented as a result of judicious marriages into wealthy and influential families.
Large estates were acquired notably in North Worcestershire, South Staffordshire and Herefordshire and, in due course, became a barony. Said to have been impressed by a sermon given by a Puritan divine, Richard Baxter, on the proper use of wealth, Thomas Foley (1616 - 1677) founded (at Old Swinford) a school for boys who on completion of their education were put out as apprentices. Virtually the whole of the parish of Pedmore was set aside by Foley to form part of the endowment of his Old Swinford Hospital whose original buildings still stand - one of the most impressive architectural features of Stourbridge. Transformed from a charity school for poor boys, the Hospital is now a highly esteemed boarding school, also admitting selected day boys from the neighbourhood, but much of its land at Pedmore has been sold by the feoffees in order to extend the premises and bring the educational facilities up to the standard required to afford the boys the opportunity to obtain places at a university.
However,
Oldswinford Hospital was not the first school to be established in the ancient
parish. It is recorded that the stipendiary priest at the Chantry of Holy
Trinity, founded in 1430 in Lower High Street, Stourbridge kept a school in
1548 and was "charged to teach the poor children of the same parish"
and when, with other religious houses, the Chantry was suppressed at the command
of Henry VIII, the school was continued, granted a charter by Edward VI and
endowed with property from the income of which the school was maintained and
the master paid. The school's most famous pupil was Samuel Johnson, the lexicographer,
author and formidable conversationalist who, during his brief stay in 1725-6
is said to have learned "a great deal from the master", the Rev.
John Wentworth.
Over the centuries Stourbridge developed slowly as a prosperous market town.
The right to hold a weekly market with two fairs each year was granted by
Edward IV in 1482 to the Dean and Canons of St George's Chapel, Windsor (who
then held the manor) and was renewed by Henry VII in 1486 to the Earl of Ormond,
now the lord of the manor, as reward for his services in the Wars of the Roses.
Surrounded by heath and hills suitable for rearing sheep and with a plentiful
supply of clean water for washing wool, like many another English town, Stourbridge
became a centre for producing woolen cloth. The local coal, limestone and
fireclay had been exploited on a small scale from early times but it was the
16th and 17th centuries that saw the birth of the great industrial complex
later to be called the Black Country. The dawn of the 17th century saw also
the introduction of the glass industry to the district by "gentlemen
glassmakers" from France who had been forced to move their glassworks
from woodlands to areas where there was coal with which to fire their furnaces.
The
impact of the Industrial Revolution of the 18th century was felt strongly
in Stourbridge where the woollen trade declined - to fade away early in
the following century - and the production of ironwork, edge tolls, nails,
chain, bricks and heavy engineering took over. The opening of the Stourbridge
Canal in 1779 vastly enhanced industry's prospects and the beginning of
the railway age led to a rapid expansion of the iron industry, the large
works of John Bradley and Company being developed alongside the arm of
the canal that linked the town with the outside world. Bradley's works
had the distinction of producing the Stourbridge
Lion, the first locomotive to run on rails in America - on 8 August
1829. Industrial expansion encouraged population growth, improved living
standards and social amenities.
Spectacular development marked the 19th century. The bridge over the Stour
was widened, the roads were improved and the railway arrived in Stourbridge,
a piped water supply and gas were provided, a drainage system made life easier
and more healthy, rows of terraced houses and impressive villas were erected,
the Oldswinford parish was divided to form new parishes for which churches
were built, the ancient parish churches of Oldswinford and Pedmore were rebuilt,
the Nonconformists built chapels, the introduction of compulsory education
meant the building of schools and civic pride led to the building, on the
site of the old Corn Exchange, of a handsome - by Victorian standards of taste
- Town Hall to mark the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria.
Local
Government had been rudimentary until the Stourbridge Improvement Act of 1868
reconstituted an elected Board of Town Commissioners with greater powers to
control and improve local services. A further step in local government was
taken in 1894 when Stourbridge, Lye and Wollescote and the parish of Amblecote
obtained Urban District status with Pedmore becoming part of Bromsgrove Rural
District.
By
this time Stourbridge had become an important local railway centre; steam
trams had been replaced by electric trams, there was extensive house building,
the Public Baths were erected in 1901, through the generosity of Andrew Carnegie
Stourbridge was provided in 1905 with a Public Library with an Art and Technical
School and a Girl's Secondary School on its upper floors. Stourbridge was
acknowledged to be one of the most progressive and pleasant towns in the Midlands.
Lye, Wollescote and Stambermill, a major cemtre of the holloware industry
whose streets echoed with the thump, thump of hammers and olivers on forgings,
possessed fewer amenities but a profusion of public houses and places of worship.
Amblecote, the smallest Urban District in the country, was even more closely
linked with Stourbridge for within the parish was the Corbett Hospital which
served the whole area, the Stourbridge Gas Works, Stourbridge water undertaking,
Stourbridge cricket and football ground and considerable industrial premises
including glassworks and clay mines whose products were invariably labelled
"Stourbridge". Pedmore parish was still predominantly a rural village,
most of its acreage being farmed, but the population was growing with the
building of substantial houses by Black Country businessmen.
The
ambition of some of Stourbridge's leading public figures was realised
in 1914 when the Urban District was granted a Charter of Incorporation
and became a borough. World War I brought prosperity to its industries
and with the return to peace the town council embarked on impressive improvement
schemes, especially the building of municipal houses. Despite industrial
unrest and growing unemployment in the late 1920s and early 1930s very
significant progress was made in improving living conditions. In 1929
the district's greatest public benefactor Ernest Stevens, a millionaire
holloware manufacturer, presented the Studley Court estate to Stourbridge;
it was to be known as Mary Stevens Park in memory of his wife and the
house was converted into the Council House. The following year Lye and
Wollescote Urban District Council received Wollescote Hall estate, in
all some 89 acres, which became Stevens Park.
Although
in some ways distinctive communities, Stourbridge and its neighbouring parishes
were becoming more closely involved and in 1932 Lye and Wollescote Urban District
and Pedmore parish were incorporated in the borough. It was not until the
implementation of the Boundary Commission's recommendations in 1966 that the
major part of Amblecote Urban District was brought into Stourbridge Borough
- that part to the north of the Stourbridge to Brierley Hill railway line
being transferred to Dudley County Borough. The resultant well balanced unit
of local government was to be short-lived for under a further reorganisation
in 1974 the whole borough was absorbed into the new Metropolitan District
(later to become the Metropolitan Borough) of Dudley within a new county called
West Midlands torn from the ancient counties of Worcestershire, Staffordshire
and Warwickshire.